Characterization of Mannanase-Producing Bacteria from Porang Tubers (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Karakteristik Bakteri Penghasil Mannanase dari Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume)
Published:
Jan 31, 2024
Keywords:
mananase, mananolytic, porang
Main Article Content
Abstract
Porang tubers have the potential as a source of carbon and energy for the growth of mananolytic bacteria. Mananolytic are bacteria producing mananase enzymes that are able to break down manan compounds and their derivatives. Mananase can be widely applied in the food, pharmacy, animal feed sectors, paper industries and many more. In this study, Ai isolate have been isolated and characterized, porang tubers are used as substrates for measuring the activity of mananase. The optimum temperature mananase at 40 ° C, stable at a temperature of 30 ° C-50 ° C, have optimum pH 7 and are stable at pH 4-7. Fe2+ was an activator, while Ca2+ and Mg ions were inhibitor of mananase.
Article Details
How to Cite
Utami, D. R., Prayitno, S. A., Rahim, A. R., Ningrum, S., Putri, S. N. A., & Patria, D. G. (2024). Characterization of Mannanase-Producing Bacteria from Porang Tubers (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume). Journal of Tropical Food and Agroindustrial Technology, 5(01), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.21070/jtfat.v5i01.1622
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Copyright (c) 2024 Dwi Retnaningtyas Utami Dwi Retnaningtyas Utami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Alsarrani, A. Q. (2011). Production of Mannan-degrading enzyme by Aspergillus niger. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60032-6
Blibech, M., Ellouz Ghorbel, R., Chaari, F., Dammak, I., Bhiri, F., Neifar, M., & Ellouz Chaabouni, S. (2011). Improved Mannanase Production from Penicillium occitanis by Fed-Batch Fermentation Using Acacia Seeds . ISRN Microbiology, 2011, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/938347
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Bollag, D. . (1991). Protein Methods. Wiley-Liss.
Carr, E. L., Kampfer, P., Patel, B. K. C., Gurtler, V., &, & Seviour, R. . (2003). Seven Novel Species of Acinetobacter Isolated From Activated Sludge. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 953–963. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02486-0
Chauhan, P. S., Puri, N., Sharma, P. &, & Gupta, N. (2012). Mannanases: Microbial Sources, Production, Properties and Potential Biotechnological Application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93, 1817–1830. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-3887-5
Dhawan, S.,& Kaur, J. (2007). Microbial Mannanases: An Overview of Production and Applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 27(4), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550701775919
Duffaud, G. D., McCutchen, C. M., Leduc, P., Parker, K. N., & Kelly, R. M. (1997). Purification and characterization of extremely thermostable β- mannanase, β-mannosidase, and α-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana 5068. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.1.169-177.1997
Ginting, J. (2009). Isolasi Bakteri Dan Uji Aktivitas Enzim Amylase Kasar Termofilik Dari Sumber Air Semangat Gunung Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Hossain, M. Z., Abe, J., &, & Hizukuri, S. (1996). Multiple forms of β-mannanase from Bacillus sp. KK01. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 18(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(95)00071-2
Hsiao, Y. M., Liu, Y. F., Fang, M. C. &, & Tseng, Y. . (2010). Transcriptional regulation and molecular characterization of the manA gene encoding the biofilm dispersing enzyme mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase in Xanthomonas campestris. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(3), 1653–1663. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903637s
Huang, J. L., Bao, L. X., Zou, H. Y., Che, S. G., &, & Wang, G. . (2012). High-Level Production of A Cold-Active Β-Mannanase From Bacillus Subtilis Bs5 And its Molecular Cloning And Expression. Molecular Genetics Microbiology and Virology, 27, 147–153.
Jiang, Z. Y., Wei, D., Li, L., Li, P., Chai., &, & Kusakabe, I. (2006). High-level production, purification and characterization of a thermostable β-mannanase from the newly isolated Bacillus subtilis WY34. Carbohydrate Polymers, 66(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.030
Kim, D. Y., Ham, S. J., Lee, H. J., Cho, H. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. J., Shin, D. H., Rhee, Y. H., Son, K. H., & Park, H. Y. (2011). Cloning and characterization of a modular GH5 β-1,4-mannanase with high specific activity from the fibrolytic bacterium Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13. Bioresource Technology, 102(19), 9185–9192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.073
Li, Y., Yang, P., Meng, K., Wang, Y., Luo, H., Wu, N., Fan, Y., &, & Yao, B. (2008). Gene Cloning, Expression, And Characterization of A Novel Beta-Mannanase from Bacillus circulans CGMCC 1416. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(1), 160–166.
Lu, H., Zhang, H., Shi, P., Luo, H., Wang, Y., Yang, P., &, & Yao, B. (2013). A Family 5 Β-Mannanase From The Thermophilic Fungus Thielavia Arenaria XZ7 With Typical Thermophilic Enzyme. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97, 8121–8128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4656-1
Mendoza, N. S., Arai, M., Kawaguchi, T., Yoshida, T., &, & Joson, L. M. (1994). Purification and properties of mannanase from Bacillus subtilis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10, 551– 555. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367665
Oda, Y., Komaki, T., &, & Tonomura, K. (1993). Purification and Properties of Extracellular β-Mannanases Produced by Enterococcus casseliflavus FL2121 Isolated from Decayed Konjac. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 76(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(93)90045-A
Pan, X., Zhou, J., Tian, A., Le, K., Yuan, H., Xue, Y., Ma, Y., &, & Lu, H. (2011). High Level Expression of A Truncated Β-Mannanase From Alkaliphilic Bacillus Sp. N16-5 in Kluyveromyces Cicerisporus. Biotechnology Letters, 33(3), 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-010-0457-8
Parisi, G. C., Zilli, M., Miani, M. P., Carrara, M., Bottona, E., Verdianelli, G., Battaglia, G., Desideri, S., Faedo, A., Marzolino, C., Tono, A., Ermani, M., &, & Leandro, G. (2002). High-Fibre Diet Supplementation in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Multicenter, Randomized, Open Trial Comparison Between Wheat Bran Diet And Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum (PHGG). Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 47(8), 1697–1704. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016419906546
Savira, H. G., & Trimulyono, G. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Isolat Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Terhadap Escherichia coli FNCC 0091 dan Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047. LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 10(3), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v10n3.p347-355
Seftiono, H. (2017). Penentuan Aktivitas Enzim Mananase Dari Berbagai Mikroorganisme Di Indonesia Dan Peranannya Dalam Bidang Pangan: Kajian Pustaka. Agrointek, 11(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v11i1.2939
Sigres, D. ., & Sutrisno, A. (2015). Enzim Mananase Dan Aplikasi Di Bidang Industri : Kajian Pustaka. Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri Vol. 3 No 3 p.899-908, 3(3), 899–908.
Sumardi, S., Suwanto, A., Suhartono, M. T., & Purwadaria, T. (2005). Isolation and Characterization of Mannanolytic Thermophilic Bacteria From Palm Oil Shell and Their Mannanase Enzyme Production Properties. Biotropia, 0(25). https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2005.0.25.211
Suyanto, A & Isworo, J. T. (2017). Evaluasi Sifat Fisik Dan Kimia Glukomanan Dari Iles-Iles ( Amorphophallus oncophillus ) Physical and Chemical Chacteristic of Glucomannan Modified on Iles-Iles Flour TEPUNG ILES-ILES ( Amorphophallus oncophillus ) Physical and Chemical Chacteristic of Glu. August 2015.
Titapoka, S., Keawsompong, S., Haltrich, D., Vienna, L. S., & Nitisinprasert, S. (2007). Selection and characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria useful for the formation of prebiotic manno-oligosaccharides from copra meal Selection and characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria useful for the formation of prebiotic manno-oligosac. August. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9627-9
Utami, D. R., Sutrisno, A., & Kusnadi, J. (2016). Isolation , Purification and Characterization of Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis MAN-511. 2(11), 83–87.
Wahyuni, S., Khaeruni R, A., Lianto, L., Sidarmin, S., Holilah, H., Utomo, W. P., & Asranudin, A. (2016). Characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria from sago hump. Waste Technology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.12777/wastech.4.1.1-6
Wang, C., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Niu, C., Ma, R., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Luo, H., &, & Yao, B. (2016). Biochemical characterization of an acidophilic β-mannanase from Gloeophyllum trabeum CBS900.73 with significant transglycosylation activity and feed digesting ability. Food Chemistry, 197 A, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.115
Wang, Y., Azhar, S., Gandini, R., Divne, C., Ezcurraa, I., &, & Aspeborg, H. (2015). Biochemical characterization of the novel endo-β-mannanase AtMan5-2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Science, 241, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.002
Wigoeno, Y. A., Azrianingsih, R., Roosdiana, A., Biologi, J., Kimia, J., & Timur, J. (2013). Analisis kadar glukomanan pada umbi porang (. 1, 231–235.
Yang, H., Shi, P., Lu, H., Wang, H., Luo, H., Huang, H., Yang, P., &, & Yao, B. (2015). A thermophilic b-mannanase from Neosartorya fischeri P1 with broad pH stability and significant hydrolysis ability of various mannan. Polymers Food Chemistry, 173, 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.022
Yoo, H. Y., Pradeep, G. C., Kim, S. W., Park, D. H., Choi, Y. H., Suh, J. W., & Yoo, J. C. (2015). A novel low-molecular weight alkaline mannanase from Streptomyces tendae. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 20(3), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0885-8
Zhang, R., Zhou, U., G., Y., Yaping, G., Junjun, L., T., X., Xu, B., Junmei, D., &, & Zunxi, H. (2015). Molecular and biochemical characterizations of a new low-temperature active mannanase. Folia Microbiologica, 60(6), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-015-0391-1
Zhao, H. (2005). Effect of ions and other compatible solutes on enzyme activity, and its implication for biocatalysis using ionic liquids. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 37(1–6), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.08.007
Zyl, V. W. H., Rose, S. H., Trollope, K., &, & Gorgens, J. . (2010). Fungal ß-Mannanase: Mannan Hydrolysis, Heterologous Production And Biotechnology Applications. Process Biochemistry, 45(8), 1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCBIO.2010.05.011
Adiguzel, G., Sonmez, Z., Adiguzel, A., & Nadaroglu, H. (2016). Purification and characterization of a thermostable endo ‑ beta ‑ 1 , 4 mannanase from Weissella viridescens LB37 and its application in fruit juice clarification. European Food Research and Technology, 242(5), 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2584-x
Alsarrani, A. Q. (2011). Production of Mannan-degrading enzyme by Aspergillus niger. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60032-6
Blibech, M., Ellouz Ghorbel, R., Chaari, F., Dammak, I., Bhiri, F., Neifar, M., & Ellouz Chaabouni, S. (2011). Improved Mannanase Production from Penicillium occitanis by Fed-Batch Fermentation Using Acacia Seeds . ISRN Microbiology, 2011, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/938347
Blibech, M., Ghorbel, R. E., Fakhfakh, I., Ntarima, P., Piens, K., Bacha, A. B., &, & Chaabouni, S. . (2010). Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight of β-mannanases from Penicillium occitanis Pol6. Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology, 160(4), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8630-z
Bollag, D. . (1991). Protein Methods. Wiley-Liss.
Carr, E. L., Kampfer, P., Patel, B. K. C., Gurtler, V., &, & Seviour, R. . (2003). Seven Novel Species of Acinetobacter Isolated From Activated Sludge. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 953–963. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02486-0
Chauhan, P. S., Puri, N., Sharma, P. &, & Gupta, N. (2012). Mannanases: Microbial Sources, Production, Properties and Potential Biotechnological Application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93, 1817–1830. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-3887-5
Dhawan, S.,& Kaur, J. (2007). Microbial Mannanases: An Overview of Production and Applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 27(4), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550701775919
Duffaud, G. D., McCutchen, C. M., Leduc, P., Parker, K. N., & Kelly, R. M. (1997). Purification and characterization of extremely thermostable β- mannanase, β-mannosidase, and α-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana 5068. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.1.169-177.1997
Ginting, J. (2009). Isolasi Bakteri Dan Uji Aktivitas Enzim Amylase Kasar Termofilik Dari Sumber Air Semangat Gunung Kabupaten Karo, Sumatera Utara. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Hossain, M. Z., Abe, J., &, & Hizukuri, S. (1996). Multiple forms of β-mannanase from Bacillus sp. KK01. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 18(2), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(95)00071-2
Hsiao, Y. M., Liu, Y. F., Fang, M. C. &, & Tseng, Y. . (2010). Transcriptional regulation and molecular characterization of the manA gene encoding the biofilm dispersing enzyme mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase in Xanthomonas campestris. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(3), 1653–1663. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903637s
Huang, J. L., Bao, L. X., Zou, H. Y., Che, S. G., &, & Wang, G. . (2012). High-Level Production of A Cold-Active Β-Mannanase From Bacillus Subtilis Bs5 And its Molecular Cloning And Expression. Molecular Genetics Microbiology and Virology, 27, 147–153.
Jiang, Z. Y., Wei, D., Li, L., Li, P., Chai., &, & Kusakabe, I. (2006). High-level production, purification and characterization of a thermostable β-mannanase from the newly isolated Bacillus subtilis WY34. Carbohydrate Polymers, 66(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.030
Kim, D. Y., Ham, S. J., Lee, H. J., Cho, H. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. J., Shin, D. H., Rhee, Y. H., Son, K. H., & Park, H. Y. (2011). Cloning and characterization of a modular GH5 β-1,4-mannanase with high specific activity from the fibrolytic bacterium Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13. Bioresource Technology, 102(19), 9185–9192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.073
Li, Y., Yang, P., Meng, K., Wang, Y., Luo, H., Wu, N., Fan, Y., &, & Yao, B. (2008). Gene Cloning, Expression, And Characterization of A Novel Beta-Mannanase from Bacillus circulans CGMCC 1416. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(1), 160–166.
Lu, H., Zhang, H., Shi, P., Luo, H., Wang, Y., Yang, P., &, & Yao, B. (2013). A Family 5 Β-Mannanase From The Thermophilic Fungus Thielavia Arenaria XZ7 With Typical Thermophilic Enzyme. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97, 8121–8128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4656-1
Mendoza, N. S., Arai, M., Kawaguchi, T., Yoshida, T., &, & Joson, L. M. (1994). Purification and properties of mannanase from Bacillus subtilis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10, 551– 555. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367665
Oda, Y., Komaki, T., &, & Tonomura, K. (1993). Purification and Properties of Extracellular β-Mannanases Produced by Enterococcus casseliflavus FL2121 Isolated from Decayed Konjac. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 76(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(93)90045-A
Pan, X., Zhou, J., Tian, A., Le, K., Yuan, H., Xue, Y., Ma, Y., &, & Lu, H. (2011). High Level Expression of A Truncated Β-Mannanase From Alkaliphilic Bacillus Sp. N16-5 in Kluyveromyces Cicerisporus. Biotechnology Letters, 33(3), 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-010-0457-8
Parisi, G. C., Zilli, M., Miani, M. P., Carrara, M., Bottona, E., Verdianelli, G., Battaglia, G., Desideri, S., Faedo, A., Marzolino, C., Tono, A., Ermani, M., &, & Leandro, G. (2002). High-Fibre Diet Supplementation in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Multicenter, Randomized, Open Trial Comparison Between Wheat Bran Diet And Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum (PHGG). Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 47(8), 1697–1704. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016419906546
Savira, H. G., & Trimulyono, G. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Isolat Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Terhadap Escherichia coli FNCC 0091 dan Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047. LenteraBio : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 10(3), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v10n3.p347-355
Seftiono, H. (2017). Penentuan Aktivitas Enzim Mananase Dari Berbagai Mikroorganisme Di Indonesia Dan Peranannya Dalam Bidang Pangan: Kajian Pustaka. Agrointek, 11(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v11i1.2939
Sigres, D. ., & Sutrisno, A. (2015). Enzim Mananase Dan Aplikasi Di Bidang Industri : Kajian Pustaka. Jurnal Pangan Dan Agroindustri Vol. 3 No 3 p.899-908, 3(3), 899–908.
Sumardi, S., Suwanto, A., Suhartono, M. T., & Purwadaria, T. (2005). Isolation and Characterization of Mannanolytic Thermophilic Bacteria From Palm Oil Shell and Their Mannanase Enzyme Production Properties. Biotropia, 0(25). https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2005.0.25.211
Suyanto, A & Isworo, J. T. (2017). Evaluasi Sifat Fisik Dan Kimia Glukomanan Dari Iles-Iles ( Amorphophallus oncophillus ) Physical and Chemical Chacteristic of Glucomannan Modified on Iles-Iles Flour TEPUNG ILES-ILES ( Amorphophallus oncophillus ) Physical and Chemical Chacteristic of Glu. August 2015.
Titapoka, S., Keawsompong, S., Haltrich, D., Vienna, L. S., & Nitisinprasert, S. (2007). Selection and characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria useful for the formation of prebiotic manno-oligosaccharides from copra meal Selection and characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria useful for the formation of prebiotic manno-oligosac. August. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9627-9
Utami, D. R., Sutrisno, A., & Kusnadi, J. (2016). Isolation , Purification and Characterization of Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis MAN-511. 2(11), 83–87.
Wahyuni, S., Khaeruni R, A., Lianto, L., Sidarmin, S., Holilah, H., Utomo, W. P., & Asranudin, A. (2016). Characterization of mannanase-producing bacteria from sago hump. Waste Technology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.12777/wastech.4.1.1-6
Wang, C., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Niu, C., Ma, R., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Luo, H., &, & Yao, B. (2016). Biochemical characterization of an acidophilic β-mannanase from Gloeophyllum trabeum CBS900.73 with significant transglycosylation activity and feed digesting ability. Food Chemistry, 197 A, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.115
Wang, Y., Azhar, S., Gandini, R., Divne, C., Ezcurraa, I., &, & Aspeborg, H. (2015). Biochemical characterization of the novel endo-β-mannanase AtMan5-2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Science, 241, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.002
Wigoeno, Y. A., Azrianingsih, R., Roosdiana, A., Biologi, J., Kimia, J., & Timur, J. (2013). Analisis kadar glukomanan pada umbi porang (. 1, 231–235.
Yang, H., Shi, P., Lu, H., Wang, H., Luo, H., Huang, H., Yang, P., &, & Yao, B. (2015). A thermophilic b-mannanase from Neosartorya fischeri P1 with broad pH stability and significant hydrolysis ability of various mannan. Polymers Food Chemistry, 173, 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.022
Yoo, H. Y., Pradeep, G. C., Kim, S. W., Park, D. H., Choi, Y. H., Suh, J. W., & Yoo, J. C. (2015). A novel low-molecular weight alkaline mannanase from Streptomyces tendae. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 20(3), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0885-8
Zhang, R., Zhou, U., G., Y., Yaping, G., Junjun, L., T., X., Xu, B., Junmei, D., &, & Zunxi, H. (2015). Molecular and biochemical characterizations of a new low-temperature active mannanase. Folia Microbiologica, 60(6), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-015-0391-1
Zhao, H. (2005). Effect of ions and other compatible solutes on enzyme activity, and its implication for biocatalysis using ionic liquids. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 37(1–6), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.08.007
Zyl, V. W. H., Rose, S. H., Trollope, K., &, & Gorgens, J. . (2010). Fungal ß-Mannanase: Mannan Hydrolysis, Heterologous Production And Biotechnology Applications. Process Biochemistry, 45(8), 1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCBIO.2010.05.011