Phytochemicals Analysis and Antioxidant (IC50) Value of Dried and Fresh Mangrove (Rhizopora racemosa) Leaves Extract for Herbal Drink Base
Analisis Fitokimia dan Antioksidan (IC50) Ekstrak Daun Kering dan Basah Mangrove (Rhizopora racemosa) Sebagai Bahan Dasar Minuman Herbal
-
(1) * Sutrisno Adi Prayitno
Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik
Indonesia
(2) Dwi Retnaningtyas Utami Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik
Indonesia
(3) Silvy Novita Antrisna Putri Universitas Widyagama Malang
Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The use of mangrove leaves as a functional ingredient is associated with secondary metabolites such as steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium. This research determined the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidants (IC50) in dry and fresh mangrove leaf infusion extracts. The method used was infusion extraction. The materials used are fresh mangrove leaves and dried leaves (dried in the oven). The data obtained then discussed descriptively based on the average obtained in the calculations. The research results showed that the type or condition of leaves used has an influence on TPC, TFC and Antioxidants (IC50). Oven drying can produce higher levels of secondary metabolites compared to fresh leaf infusion (TPC, 36 mg GAE/g; TFC 4.12 mg QE/g; IC50 225,706 ppm). Dried leaf extraction has better potential in producing secondary metabolic compounds and antioxidants. The choice of extraction method and type of solvent is highly recommended for further research objectives, because it suits research interests. It is recommended that when making functional drinks (tea) from mangrove leaves, to add other sources of ingredients such as dried lemon or mint leaves so that the resulting flavor is fresher and provides a better linking assessment of preferences.
References
Adrien, A., Bonnet, A., Dufour, D., Baudouin, S., Maugard, T., & Bridiau, N. (2019). Anticoagulant activity of sulfated ulvan isolated from the green macroalga ulva rigida. Marine Drugs, 17(5), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17050291
Angalabiri-Owei, B., Isirima, J., Angalabiri-Owei, B., Isirima, J., Angalabiri-Owei, B., & Isirima, J. (2014). Evaluation of the lethal dose of the methanol extract of rhizophora racemosa leaf using Karbers method. African Journal of Cellular Pathology, 2(5), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajcpath14.009
Bandaranayake, W. M. (2002). Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10(6), 421–452. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021397624349
Barros, L., Dueñas, M., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Baptista, P., & Santos-Buelga, C. (2009). Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6), 1076–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.039
Cadamuro, R. D., da Silveira Bastos, I. M. A., da Silva, I. T., da Cruz, A. C. C., Robl, D., Sandjo, L. P., Alves, S., Lorenzo, J. M., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Treichel, H., Steindel, M., & Fongaro, G. (2021). Bioactive compounds from mangrove endophytic fungus and their uses for microorganism control. Journal of Fungi, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060455
Chatterjee, A., & Abraham, J. (2020). Mangrove endophytes: A rich source of bioactive substances. In Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources. INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819532-1.00002-0
Cherigo, L., López, D., Spadafora, C., Mejia, L. C., & Martínez-Luis, S. (2024). Exploring the Biomedical Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Panamanian Mangroves. Natural Product Communications, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X241228152
Chiang, L., Ng, L., Liu, L., Shieh, D., & Lin, C. (2003). S-2003-42797. 69, 705–709.
Chiavaroli, A., Sinan, K. I., Zengin, G., Mahomoodally, M. F., Sadeer, N. B., Etienne, O. K., Cziáky, Z., Jekő, J., Glamocilja, J., Sokovic, M., Recinella, L., Brunetti, L., Leone, S., Abdullah, H. H., Angelini, P., Flores, G. A., Venanzoni, R., Menghini, L., Orlando, G., & Ferrante, C. (2020). Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents Annalisa. Antioxidants, 9(6), 1–37.
Čvorović, J., Ziberna, L., Fornasaro, S., Tramer, F., & Passamonti, S. (2018). Bioavailability of flavonoids: The role of cell membrane transporters. Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease, 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813006-3.00022-2
Ebrahimi, P., Mihaylova, D., Marangon, C. M., Grigoletto, L., & Lante, A. (2022). Impact of Sample Pretreatment and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive Compounds of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Leaves. Molecules, 27(22), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228110
Egwunatum, A., Ndulue, N. ., Onejeme, U., & Obasi, C. (2023). Evaluation of Industrial and Thermal Properties of Mangrove Tree ( Rhizophora racemosa ) Tannin on Variegated Wood Waste. Proceeding of the First Faculty of Agriculture International Conference, 165–170.
Hamzah, T. N. T., Ozturk, M., Altay, V., & Hakeem, K. R. (2020). Insights into the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi in mangroves. In Biodiversity and Biomedicine: Our Future (Vol. 1). INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819541-3.00015-3
Izuogu, E. S., Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli, Onyeka Chinwuba Obidiegwu, Ugochukwu M. Okezie, Chukwubuikem Chinaeze Okolo, Damilola Caleb Akintayo, & Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye. (2023). Screening of secondary metabolites produced by a mangroove-derived Nigrospora species an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhizophora racemosa for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 15(2), 047–060. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.15.2.0133
Jia, S. L., Chi, Z., Liu, G. L., Hu, Z., & Chi, Z. M. (2020). Fungi in mangrove ecosystems and their potential applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 0(0), 852–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2020.1789063
Lagunes, I., Lumbreras-Martínez, H., Espinoza, C., Padrón, J. M., López-Portillo, J., & Trigos, Á. (2023). Diversity and bioactivity of sediment-associated fungi from a mangrove forest in Mexico with different conservation conditions. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 51(3), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol51-issue3-fulltext-2971
Liu, H. X., Tan, H. B., Chen, K., Zhao, L. Y., Chen, Y. C., Li, S. N., Li, H. H., & Zhang, W. M. (2019). Cytosporins A-D, novel benzophenone derivatives from the endophytic fungus: Cytospora rhizophorae A761. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 17(9), 2346–2350. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ob03223h
Mitra, S., Naskar, N., & Chaudhuri, P. (2021). A review on potential bioactive phytochemicals for novel therapeutic applications with special emphasis on mangrove species. Phytomedicine Plus, 1(4), 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100107
Mohti, A., Parlan, I., & Contents, H. O. (2014). Research and Development Activities Towards Sustainable Management of Mangroves in Peninsular Malaysia. Forestry and Environment Devision, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7
Musara, C., Aladejana, E. B., & Mudyiwa, S. M. (2020). Review of botany, nutritional, medicinal, pharmacological properties and phytochemical constituents of bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam, (Rhizophoraceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 10(4), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2020.10.04.1
Omar, H., & Misman, M. A. (2020). Extend and Distribution of Mangroves in Malaysia. In Forest research Institute Malaysia.
Othman, R., Ramya, R., Baharuddin, Z. M., Hashim, K. S. H. Y., & Yaman, M. (2015). Ecological indicator agents for inorganic contaminants state monitoring through Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(30), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6874
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K., Onyeike, E. N., & Adhikari, A. (2014). Journal of Natural Products Isolation , identification and characterization of gallic acid derivatives from leaves of Tapinanthus bangwensis. 7(June), 14–19.
Prayitno, S. ., Lestari, L., Utami, D., & Salsabila, N. (2021). Food Science and Technology Journal Evaluation of Phytochemicals And Antioxidant Activity (IC50) of Bintaro Fruit Ethanol Extract ( Cerberaodollam L.). Food Science and Technology Journal Evaluation, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/fst.v4i1.3686 effects,
Prayitno, S. A., & Rahim, A. R. (2020). The Comparison of Extracts (Ethanol And Aquos Solvents) Muntingia calabura Leaves on Total Phenol, Flavonid And Antioxidant (Ic50) Properties. Kontribusia (Research Dissemination for Community Development), 3(2), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.30587/kontribusia.v3i2.1451
Ramya, R., Kamoona, S., Mohd Hatta, F. A., Wan Sulaiman, W. S. H., Mohd Latiff, N. H., & Othman, R. (2023). A Study on an Active Functional Group and Antimicrobial Properties From Rhizophora apiculata Extracts Used in Traditional Malay as Medicine. Malaysian Applied Biology, 52(4), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i4.d180
Ranković, B., & Kosanić, M. (2019). Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Lichen Secondary Metabolites, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16814-8
Šali, A., Šepi, L., Turkalj, I., & Zeli, B. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Enzyme-, Ultrasound-, Mechanical-, and Chemical-Assisted Extraction of Biflavonoids from Ginkgo Leaves. 12(982), 2–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050982
Simões, M., Bennett, R. N., & Rosa, E. A. S. (2009). Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Natural Product Reports, 26(6), 746–757. https://doi.org/10.1039/b821648g
Sopalun, K., Laosripaiboon, W., Wachirachaikarn, A., & Iamtham, S. (2021). Biological potential and chemical composition of bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi associated with thai mangrove plants. South African Journal of Botany, 141, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.04.031
Süntar, I. (2020). Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(5), 1199–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9
Sur, T., Hazra, A., Hazra, A., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2016). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Indian Sunderban mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L. leave. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 7(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.183262
Tshiaba, C. P. N., Mbaya, A. N., Idrissa, A. Z., Antoine Djamba Mumba, Luyindula, S. N., & Mwange, R. K. N. (2023). Comparative analysis of three vegetative propagation techniques of Rhizophora racemosa G.F.W. Meyer for ex-situ conservation. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 17(1), 072–087. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.17.1.0374
Usman, M., Nakagawa, M., & Cheng, S. (2023). Emerging Trends in Green Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Natural Products. Processes, 11(12), 2–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123444
Vega-Galvez, A., Gomez-Perez, L. S., Zepeda, F., Vidal, R. L., Grunenwald, F., Mejías, N., Pasten, A., Araya, M., & Ah-Hen, K. S. (2023). Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures. Antioxidants, 12(9), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091789
Wang, H., Shu, L., Su, Z.-Y., Fuentes, F., Lee, J.-H., & Kong, A.-N. T. (2012). Send Orders of Reprints at reprints@benthamscience.org Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Plants vs. Cancer: A Review on Natural Phytochemicals in Preventing and Treating Cancers and Their Druggability. 12, 1281–1305.
Wang, L., Weller, C. L., & Cuppett, S. . (2022). Factors influencing total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and stability of partitioned cranberry products. J. Agric. Food Chem, 70(49), 15560–15569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06502
Widyawati, S. P., Budianta, T. D. W., Kusuma, F. A., & Wijaya, E. L. (2014). Difference of solvent polarity to phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Pluchea indicia less leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6(4), 850–855.
Zakaria, M. H., & Bujang, J. S. (2020). Status of. In Forest research Institute Malaysia.
Angalabiri-Owei, B., Isirima, J., Angalabiri-Owei, B., Isirima, J., Angalabiri-Owei, B., & Isirima, J. (2014). Evaluation of the lethal dose of the methanol extract of rhizophora racemosa leaf using Karbers method. African Journal of Cellular Pathology, 2(5), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajcpath14.009
Bandaranayake, W. M. (2002). Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10(6), 421–452. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021397624349
Barros, L., Dueñas, M., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Baptista, P., & Santos-Buelga, C. (2009). Phenolic acids determination by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6), 1076–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.039
Cadamuro, R. D., da Silveira Bastos, I. M. A., da Silva, I. T., da Cruz, A. C. C., Robl, D., Sandjo, L. P., Alves, S., Lorenzo, J. M., Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., Treichel, H., Steindel, M., & Fongaro, G. (2021). Bioactive compounds from mangrove endophytic fungus and their uses for microorganism control. Journal of Fungi, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060455
Chatterjee, A., & Abraham, J. (2020). Mangrove endophytes: A rich source of bioactive substances. In Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources. INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819532-1.00002-0
Cherigo, L., López, D., Spadafora, C., Mejia, L. C., & Martínez-Luis, S. (2024). Exploring the Biomedical Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Panamanian Mangroves. Natural Product Communications, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X241228152
Chiang, L., Ng, L., Liu, L., Shieh, D., & Lin, C. (2003). S-2003-42797. 69, 705–709.
Chiavaroli, A., Sinan, K. I., Zengin, G., Mahomoodally, M. F., Sadeer, N. B., Etienne, O. K., Cziáky, Z., Jekő, J., Glamocilja, J., Sokovic, M., Recinella, L., Brunetti, L., Leone, S., Abdullah, H. H., Angelini, P., Flores, G. A., Venanzoni, R., Menghini, L., Orlando, G., & Ferrante, C. (2020). Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents Annalisa. Antioxidants, 9(6), 1–37.
Čvorović, J., Ziberna, L., Fornasaro, S., Tramer, F., & Passamonti, S. (2018). Bioavailability of flavonoids: The role of cell membrane transporters. Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease, 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813006-3.00022-2
Ebrahimi, P., Mihaylova, D., Marangon, C. M., Grigoletto, L., & Lante, A. (2022). Impact of Sample Pretreatment and Extraction Methods on the Bioactive Compounds of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Leaves. Molecules, 27(22), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228110
Egwunatum, A., Ndulue, N. ., Onejeme, U., & Obasi, C. (2023). Evaluation of Industrial and Thermal Properties of Mangrove Tree ( Rhizophora racemosa ) Tannin on Variegated Wood Waste. Proceeding of the First Faculty of Agriculture International Conference, 165–170.
Hamzah, T. N. T., Ozturk, M., Altay, V., & Hakeem, K. R. (2020). Insights into the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi in mangroves. In Biodiversity and Biomedicine: Our Future (Vol. 1). INC. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819541-3.00015-3
Izuogu, E. S., Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli, Onyeka Chinwuba Obidiegwu, Ugochukwu M. Okezie, Chukwubuikem Chinaeze Okolo, Damilola Caleb Akintayo, & Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye. (2023). Screening of secondary metabolites produced by a mangroove-derived Nigrospora species an endophytic fungus isolated from Rhizophora racemosa for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 15(2), 047–060. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.15.2.0133
Jia, S. L., Chi, Z., Liu, G. L., Hu, Z., & Chi, Z. M. (2020). Fungi in mangrove ecosystems and their potential applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 0(0), 852–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2020.1789063
Lagunes, I., Lumbreras-Martínez, H., Espinoza, C., Padrón, J. M., López-Portillo, J., & Trigos, Á. (2023). Diversity and bioactivity of sediment-associated fungi from a mangrove forest in Mexico with different conservation conditions. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 51(3), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol51-issue3-fulltext-2971
Liu, H. X., Tan, H. B., Chen, K., Zhao, L. Y., Chen, Y. C., Li, S. N., Li, H. H., & Zhang, W. M. (2019). Cytosporins A-D, novel benzophenone derivatives from the endophytic fungus: Cytospora rhizophorae A761. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 17(9), 2346–2350. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ob03223h
Mitra, S., Naskar, N., & Chaudhuri, P. (2021). A review on potential bioactive phytochemicals for novel therapeutic applications with special emphasis on mangrove species. Phytomedicine Plus, 1(4), 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100107
Mohti, A., Parlan, I., & Contents, H. O. (2014). Research and Development Activities Towards Sustainable Management of Mangroves in Peninsular Malaysia. Forestry and Environment Devision, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7
Musara, C., Aladejana, E. B., & Mudyiwa, S. M. (2020). Review of botany, nutritional, medicinal, pharmacological properties and phytochemical constituents of bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam, (Rhizophoraceae). Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 10(4), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2020.10.04.1
Omar, H., & Misman, M. A. (2020). Extend and Distribution of Mangroves in Malaysia. In Forest research Institute Malaysia.
Othman, R., Ramya, R., Baharuddin, Z. M., Hashim, K. S. H. Y., & Yaman, M. (2015). Ecological indicator agents for inorganic contaminants state monitoring through Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba and Rhizophora apiculata. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(30), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6874
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K., Onyeike, E. N., & Adhikari, A. (2014). Journal of Natural Products Isolation , identification and characterization of gallic acid derivatives from leaves of Tapinanthus bangwensis. 7(June), 14–19.
Prayitno, S. ., Lestari, L., Utami, D., & Salsabila, N. (2021). Food Science and Technology Journal Evaluation of Phytochemicals And Antioxidant Activity (IC50) of Bintaro Fruit Ethanol Extract ( Cerberaodollam L.). Food Science and Technology Journal Evaluation, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/fst.v4i1.3686 effects,
Prayitno, S. A., & Rahim, A. R. (2020). The Comparison of Extracts (Ethanol And Aquos Solvents) Muntingia calabura Leaves on Total Phenol, Flavonid And Antioxidant (Ic50) Properties. Kontribusia (Research Dissemination for Community Development), 3(2), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.30587/kontribusia.v3i2.1451
Ramya, R., Kamoona, S., Mohd Hatta, F. A., Wan Sulaiman, W. S. H., Mohd Latiff, N. H., & Othman, R. (2023). A Study on an Active Functional Group and Antimicrobial Properties From Rhizophora apiculata Extracts Used in Traditional Malay as Medicine. Malaysian Applied Biology, 52(4), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i4.d180
Ranković, B., & Kosanić, M. (2019). Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Lichen Secondary Metabolites, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16814-8
Šali, A., Šepi, L., Turkalj, I., & Zeli, B. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Enzyme-, Ultrasound-, Mechanical-, and Chemical-Assisted Extraction of Biflavonoids from Ginkgo Leaves. 12(982), 2–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050982
Simões, M., Bennett, R. N., & Rosa, E. A. S. (2009). Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Natural Product Reports, 26(6), 746–757. https://doi.org/10.1039/b821648g
Sopalun, K., Laosripaiboon, W., Wachirachaikarn, A., & Iamtham, S. (2021). Biological potential and chemical composition of bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi associated with thai mangrove plants. South African Journal of Botany, 141, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.04.031
Süntar, I. (2020). Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(5), 1199–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9
Sur, T., Hazra, A., Hazra, A., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2016). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Indian Sunderban mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L. leave. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 7(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.183262
Tshiaba, C. P. N., Mbaya, A. N., Idrissa, A. Z., Antoine Djamba Mumba, Luyindula, S. N., & Mwange, R. K. N. (2023). Comparative analysis of three vegetative propagation techniques of Rhizophora racemosa G.F.W. Meyer for ex-situ conservation. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 17(1), 072–087. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.17.1.0374
Usman, M., Nakagawa, M., & Cheng, S. (2023). Emerging Trends in Green Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Natural Products. Processes, 11(12), 2–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123444
Vega-Galvez, A., Gomez-Perez, L. S., Zepeda, F., Vidal, R. L., Grunenwald, F., Mejías, N., Pasten, A., Araya, M., & Ah-Hen, K. S. (2023). Assessment of Bio-Compounds Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effect of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata rubra) Processed by Convective Drying at Different Temperatures. Antioxidants, 12(9), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091789
Wang, H., Shu, L., Su, Z.-Y., Fuentes, F., Lee, J.-H., & Kong, A.-N. T. (2012). Send Orders of Reprints at reprints@benthamscience.org Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Plants vs. Cancer: A Review on Natural Phytochemicals in Preventing and Treating Cancers and Their Druggability. 12, 1281–1305.
Wang, L., Weller, C. L., & Cuppett, S. . (2022). Factors influencing total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and stability of partitioned cranberry products. J. Agric. Food Chem, 70(49), 15560–15569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06502
Widyawati, S. P., Budianta, T. D. W., Kusuma, F. A., & Wijaya, E. L. (2014). Difference of solvent polarity to phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Pluchea indicia less leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6(4), 850–855.
Zakaria, M. H., & Bujang, J. S. (2020). Status of. In Forest research Institute Malaysia.
Published
2025-01-13
How to Cite
Adi Prayitno, S., Utami, D. R., & Putri, S. N. A. (2025). Phytochemicals Analysis and Antioxidant (IC50) Value of Dried and Fresh Mangrove (Rhizopora racemosa) Leaves Extract for Herbal Drink Base. Journal of Tropical Food and Agroindustrial Technology, 6(01), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.21070/jtfat.v6i01.1643
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Sutrisno Adi Prayitno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
